{"id":6189,"date":"2024-03-04T07:52:04","date_gmt":"2024-03-04T07:52:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/?p=6189"},"modified":"2024-03-04T07:52:06","modified_gmt":"2024-03-04T07:52:06","slug":"zeugma-kazilarindan-elde-edilen-etudluk-bir-grup-muhur-baskisi-bullanin-arkeometrik-yonden-incelenmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/zeugma-kazilarindan-elde-edilen-etudluk-bir-grup-muhur-baskisi-bullanin-arkeometrik-yonden-incelenmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"ARCHAEOMETRIC EXAMINATION OF A STUDIED GROUP OF SEAL IMPRESSIONS (BULLA) OBTAINED FROM THE ZEUGMA EXCAVATIONS"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00dcL\u015eEN BA\u015ePINAR SELIM KAPUR ARKEOMETRI ANABILIM DALI \/ ARKEOMETRI ANABILIM DALI<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Gaziantep ili i\u00e7erisindeki F\u0131rat Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Zeugma Antik Kentine ait ar\u015fiv binalar\u0131nda bulunan ve Gaziantep M\u00fcze M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kurtarma kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131 toz haline getirilmi\u015f prepatlar\u0131nda X I\u015f\u0131n\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131, Tarama Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ve Kimyasal Analizler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Arkeometrik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmler sonucunda bullalar\u0131n katk\u0131 maddeleri, f\u0131r\u0131nlanmalar\u0131 ve yap\u0131m teknikleri konusuna y\u00f6nelik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nceleme sonucunda bullalar\u0131n pi\u015firilme sorunu, katk\u0131 maddeleri ve yap\u0131m teknikleri de\u011ferlendirilerek yorumland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anahtar Kelimeler: Zeugma, M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131s\u0131, Bulla, X- I\u015f\u0131n\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131, Tarama Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ABSTRACT<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The stamps abtained from the receivery excavation of the Gaziantep Museum of the Zeugma Ancient City are part of the contents of the archive buildings located on the shores of the Euphrates River.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Archaemetric inter pretation of the seals aimel to shed light on the probable fring or hardening impregnating processes applied during production on the powder, ramdomly orrented and indisturbed sample.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Key Words: Zeugma, Studiable Seals, Bullas, X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ENTRANCE<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaziantep \u0130li, Nizip \u0130l\u00e7esi, Belk\u0131s K\u00f6y\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan Zeugma Antik Kenti F\u0131rat Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Zeugma Antik Kenti; askeri ve ticari bak\u0131mdan stratejik b\u00f6lge olmas\u0131 nedeniyle her d\u00f6nemde \u00f6nemini korumu\u015ftur. (\u00d6nal, 2006). \u201cZeugma\u201d ad\u0131 ge\u00e7it anlam\u0131na gelmekte olup Helenistik D\u00f6nemde \u201cF\u0131rat Selevkeias\u0131\u201d, Roma D\u00f6neminde \u201cZeugma\u201d ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nemlerde Zeugma\u2019ya daha sonra da Zima\u2019ya \u00e7evrildi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz (Wagner, 1976). Antik kaynaklarda Zeugma kentinin ilk sahiplerinin M.\u00d6. 500 bin y\u0131l \u00f6nce olup (K\u00f6kten, 1948), Neolitik D\u00f6neme (M.\u00d6. 9000-5000) ait \u00e7ok say\u0131da yerle\u015fim yeri de saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Algaze,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. . Kalkolitik D\u00f6nemde (M.\u00d6. 5500-3000) m\u00fclkiyet olgusunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla m\u00fch\u00fcrlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu hale gelmi\u015ftir (Algaze, 1994). M.\u00d6. 300-299 y\u0131l\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in generallerinden olan I. Seleukos Nikator, F\u0131rat Seleukeia\u2019s\u0131 olarak kente ad\u0131n\u0131 veriri. M.S. 252\u2019de Sasani Kral\u0131 I. \u015eapur buray\u0131 istila edip ya\u011fmalam\u0131\u015f kentin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sanatsal hayat\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck darbe vurmu\u015f ve kent sanat canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirip gerilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M.S. 5-6. yy\u2019da Zeugma Erken Roma y\u00f6netimine girmi\u015f, M.S. 7 yy\u2019da \u0130slam ak\u0131nlar\u0131 sonucu Belk\u0131s\/Zeugma terk edilmi\u015f ve M.S. 10-12 yy.\u2019da K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u0130slami yerle\u015fime, daha sonra kentin alan\u0131na (M.S. 16-17. yy)\u2019da bug\u00fcn Birecik Baraj sular\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalan Belk\u0131s K\u00f6y\u00fc kurulmu\u015ftur. Uzun y\u0131llar tarih sahnesinde kalan Zeugma antik kenti ar\u015fiv binas\u0131nda yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131larda say\u0131s\u0131 100.000\u2019i ge\u00e7mi\u015f olup bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada ilk kez Arkeometrik mineralojik, mikromorfolojik ve kimyasal) y\u00f6nlerden ele al\u0131narak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    MATERYAL ve METOT<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    De\u011fi\u015fik ta\u015flardan ve metalden yap\u0131lan m\u00fch\u00fcrlerin, bir bask\u0131 veya bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in yumu\u015fak bir madde \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan damgaya m\u00fch\u00fcr veya m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131s\u0131 denilmektedir. Ki\u015finin kimli\u011fi ve otoritesini ortaya koyan m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131, m\u00fch\u00fcrlenen paketin a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131p a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tek g\u00fcvencesidir (U\u00e7anku\u015f, 2000). Zeugma m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ny\u00fczlerinde betimleme yer al\u0131n\u0131rken arka y\u00fcz\u00fcnde g\u00f6nderilece\u011fi veya emanete al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 papir\u00fcs (\u015eekil 1), keten bezi, gibi belgelerin veya ah\u015fap tablet ve kuma\u015f torbalar\u0131n izleri ve yatay ip deli\u011fi vard\u0131r (\u015eekil 1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eekil 1. Belgenin M\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesi (\u00d6nal, 2006).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bullalar\u0131n yap\u0131m tekni\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in; Antropolog Co\u015fkun K\u00d6YSU ve Gaziantep Arkeoloji M\u00fczesinden Arkeolog Dr. Mehmet \u00d6NAL bullalar \u00fczerine bir
    tak\u0131m deneyler yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 1. deneyde kil hamuru, su, deri dok\u00fcman\u0131 gibi malzemeler kullan\u0131larak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kil hamuru suyla yo\u011frularak deri d\u00f6k\u00fcmana ba\u011flanan ipe yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, ikiye katlan\u0131r ve \u00fczerine y\u00fcz\u00fck ta\u015f\u0131 bas\u0131larak m\u00fch\u00fcrlenerek 1 saat beklenir. Kuruyan m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kenar\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlenmi\u015f olup m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kil hamurunun katk\u0131s\u0131z olarak kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kan\u0131s\u0131na varm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 2. deneyde ise; kil hamuru, su, deri dok\u00fcman, sentetik sertle\u015ftirici kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyice dondu\u011fu ve kenarlar\u0131nda herhangi bir k\u0131r\u0131lman\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yap\u0131lacak bask\u0131da her hangi bir k\u0131r\u0131lmaya rastlamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bullalar\u0131 arkeometrik y\u00f6nden x-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 analizlerine haz\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in; \u00d6rnek olarak se\u00e7ilen m\u00fch\u00fcr agat havanda 100 ^m\u2019lik ele\u011fin alt\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ebilecek d\u00fczeyde \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fclerek olas\u0131 kil minerallerinin tabaka aralar\u0131n\u0131n doyurulmas\u0131 ve tan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in MgCl2 ile doyurularak i\u015flemine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u0131kanan malzemeler pipet yard\u0131m\u0131 ile daha \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlanan malzeme her lamel \u00fczerine serilir ve 1 gece kurutmaya b\u0131rak\u0131larak x-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 difraksiyonu ayg\u0131t\u0131nda okunmas\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r. Tarama Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) i\u00e7in \u00f6rnek haz\u0131rlama i\u015fleminde ise; \u00f6rnekler iletkenli\u011fin sa\u011flanabilmesi i\u00e7in h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f iyonlardan yararlan\u0131lan Sputter tekni\u011fi kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarama Elektron Mikroskobu (SEM) ayg\u0131t\u0131 yap\u0131lacak bulla\/agregat \u00f6rnekleri \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 bant yard\u0131m\u0131 ile \u00f6rnek tutturucular\u0131na monte edilen \u00f6rnekler POLORAN SC 7620 mini (sputter coater) cihaz\u0131 ile 15 sn. yakla\u015f\u0131k 45 A\u00b0 Angstrum (cihaz saniyede yakla\u015f\u0131k 3 A\u00b0 Angstrum kaplama yap\u0131yor) Alt\u0131n (Au) Paladyum (Pd) ile iletkenli\u011fi sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in kapland\u0131. Daha sonra haz\u0131rlanan \u00f6rnekler incelenmek \u00fczere Mikroskoba yerle\u015ftirilerek incelendi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ARA\u015eTIRMA BULGULARI ve TARTI\u015eMA<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6zellikleri<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"Metin<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    Renk<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \"Metin<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    No I A\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k I D\u00f6nem<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
     <\/td><\/tr>
     <\/td>\"Metin<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n


    Zeugma\u2019da 1999 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar sonucu elde edilen M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131lar\u0131 (bullalar) f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f\/ yang\u0131n ge\u00e7irmi\u015f veya yap\u0131m\u0131nda yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131\/ sertle\u015ftirici kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yap\u0131lmak istenmi\u015f ve farkl\u0131 renklerden 25 (yirmibe\u015f) adet se\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir. Bu ama\u00e7la; Kimyasal, Mineralojik ve Mikromorfolojik Analizler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kimyasal analiz sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re koyu ve a\u00e7\u0131k renkli olarak ikiye ayr\u0131lan Bullalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k renklilerinin pH ve kire\u00e7 d\u00fczeyleri koyu renkli bullalara g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n koyu renklilerin beklendi\u011fi gibi, organik madde d\u00fczeyleri a\u00e7\u0131k renklilere g\u00f6re y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her iki bulla grubunun organik maddelerinin Koyu Renkli Bullalarda % 1.2, A\u00e7\u0131k Renkli Bullalarda ise % 0.9 d\u00fczeyinde \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 \u00f6rneklerin f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f veya yang\u0131n ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde de olsa kire\u00e7 %\u2019lerinin s\u0131ras\u0131yla Koyu Renkli Bullalarda % 3.4, A\u00e7\u0131k Renkli Bullalarda ise % 5.6 olmas\u0131 da bullalar\u0131n f\u0131r\u0131nlanma veya yang\u0131n ge\u00e7irmi\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir. Kimyasal Analizlerin her iki bulla grubunda, benzer\/yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131 da yap\u0131mlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan hammadde kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da ayn\u0131\/birbirine yak\u0131n alanlar olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    1<\/td>646 mgr.<\/td>2 \u00ab<\/td>10 YR 5\/2Grimsi sar\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>Arka y\u00fcz papir\u00fcs izli. \u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 nod\u00fclleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    2<\/td>393 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    3<\/td>518 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>5 YR 5\/6Ac\u0131k k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    4<\/td>243 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 6\/3Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde sert kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    5<\/td>323 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    6<\/td>387 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 5\/4Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6\u011f\u00fctme i\u015fleminde yanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in yumu\u015fakl\u0131k hissedildi.<\/td><\/tr>
    7<\/td>2.762 gr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 6\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Di\u011fer M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131lar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha \u015fi\u015fkin ve a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca y\u00fczeyde \u00e7atlaklar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    8<\/td>427 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 5\/4Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>Arka y\u00fcz papir\u00fcs izli.<\/td><\/tr>
    9<\/td>265 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 5\/4Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    10<\/td>500 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 4\/5Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    11<\/td>305 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 6\/4Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    12<\/td>701 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    13<\/td>427 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 6\/4Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 turuncu<\/td>7 nolu M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011finde de g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi bu M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6rne\u011fimizin y\u00fczeyinde \u00e7atlaklar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    14<\/td>366 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 8\/4A\u00e7\u0131k sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    15<\/td>1,073 gr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    16<\/td>1, 433 gr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Di\u011fer M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6rneklerine g\u00f6re daha \u015fi\u015fkin ve a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131r. Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca y\u00fczeyde \u00e7atlaklar bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    17<\/td>533 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 6\/4Donuk sar\u0131ms\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7ok serttir.<\/td><\/tr>
    18<\/td>661 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>5 YR 5\/6A\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>\u0130ki taraf\u0131nda ip delikleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Arka y\u00fcz papir\u00fcs izli.<\/td><\/tr>
    19<\/td>353 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>5 YR 5\/6A\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    20<\/td>758 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>5 YR 5\/6A\u00e7\u0131k k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kahverengi<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    21<\/td>807 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/6Sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi<\/td>M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczeri kire\u00e7 tabakas\u0131 ile kapl\u0131d\u0131r. Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    22<\/td>338 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/3Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr>
    23<\/td>223 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/6Sar\u0131ms\u0131 kahverengi<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    24<\/td>430 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3 . YY<\/td>10 YR 7\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    25<\/td>332 mgr.<\/td>M.S. 2\u00ad3. YY<\/td>10 YR 6\/4Donuk sar\u0131 turuncu<\/td>Mineral katk\u0131l\u0131 olup y\u00fczeyde kire\u00e7 par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eekil 2. Arkeometrik analizlerin uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bullalar (m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bullalar\u0131n morfolojik bulgular; \u00e7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle saptanan \u00f6zellikleri (\u00d6kse,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    < >, \u00f6ncelikle Munsell Renk Skalas\u0131nda elde edilen renkler, mineral katk\u0131lar, kire\u00e7 nod\u00fclleri ve teknolojik bir tak\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerdir. Bulla renkleri, \u00e7o\u011funlukla a\u00e7\u0131k kahverengiden koyu kahverengine (\u015eekil 2.-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24 no\u2019lu bullalar) ve seyrek olarak da siyah (6 ve 21no\u2019lu bullalar) renklere de\u011fin de\u011fi\u015fimler g\u00f6stermektedir. Di\u011fer bir grup bulla (12, 13, 14 ve 25 nolu bullalar) yan\u0131k kahverengi-k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 kahverengi renkleriyle f\u0131r\u0131nlanma ve\/veya yang\u0131n olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedirler. Siyaha yak\u0131n veya siyah bulla renkleri ise f\u0131r\u0131nlanma i\u015fleminin ileri d\u00fczeyde \/ farkl\u0131 oldu\u011funun (y\u00fcksek f\u0131r\u0131nlanma s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n veya indirgeyici f\u0131r\u0131n atmosferi) kan\u0131tlar\u0131 olabilirler. Mineralojik bulgular ise; Bullalar\u0131n mineral i\u00e7erikleri, \u00f6rneklerin, x-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131 kullan\u0131larak toz boyutlar\u0131ndaki (~50 ^m \/^m-silt boyutunun \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131) birincil kaya\u00e7 ve\/veya olas\u0131 y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k minerallerinin yar\u0131-nicel d\u00fczeylerinin saptan\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, bullalardan ayr\u0131lan, MgCl2 doyurulmu\u015f kil boyutu (2 ^m k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck) par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n da kil mineral i\u00e7erikleri saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. X-\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda bullalarda bask\u0131n ve yayg\u0131n birincil kaya\u00e7\/hammadde mineralinin kuvars (SiO2 -26.6 20) oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eekil 3. Bullalardaki Toz Boyutu Minerallerinin Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Kalsit minerali (CaCO3-29.4 20) ise d\u00f6rt bullada (5, 9, 10, 23 ve 24) y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde, d\u00f6rt bullada (2, 3, 16, 17) orta d\u00fczeyde, dokuz bullada (4, 6, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 22) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca t\u00fcm \u00f6rneklerde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla feldispat [(K,Na)AlSi3O8-27,4 20] mineralleri saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00f6rneklerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kuvars ve yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde feldispat i\u00e7ermeleri bulla yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan hammaddelerin yakla\u015f\u0131k ayn\u0131 kayna\u011fa ait olabilece\u011fi olgusunu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. Kalsitin de \u00f6rneklerin \u00e7o\u011funda farkl\u0131 d\u00fczeylerde de olsa nitel olarak saptanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bu olguyu g\u00fc\u00e7lend irmektedir. Bullalar\u0131n f\u0131r\u0131nlanmalar\u0131\/yanmalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden farkl\u0131l\u0131klara gelince, 20-20 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda 1, 2, 3, 6 ve 8 nolu bullalarda saptanan olas\u0131 montmorillonit kil mineraline ait olabilecek doru\u011fun di\u011fer bullalar\u0131n e\u015fde\u011fer doru\u011fundan daha belirgin olmas\u0131 nedeniyle daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131klarda f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f veya yanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, hammaddedeki montmorillonit mineralinin kristal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bozabilecek d\u00fczeyden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da bir s\u0131cakl\u0131kta pi\u015firilmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6RNEK NO<\/td>MONTMOR\u0130LLON\u0130T(SMEKT\u0130T)<\/td>\u0130LLIT<\/td>KAOL\u0130N\u0130T<\/td><\/tr>
    VAR<\/td>YOK<\/td>VAR<\/td>YOK<\/td><\/tr>
    1<\/td>2<\/td>3<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    2<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    3<\/td>2-3<\/td>3<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    4<\/td>2<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    5<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    6<\/td>2-3<\/td>1<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    7<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    8<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    9<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    10<\/td>2-3<\/td>3<\/td> <\/td>2<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    11<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td>3<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    12<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    13<\/td>2<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    14<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    15<\/td>2-3<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    16<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    17<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    18<\/td>2-3<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    19<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    20<\/td>2-3<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    21<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td>3<\/td> <\/td><\/tr>
    22<\/td>2<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    23<\/td>2-3<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    24<\/td>2-3<\/td>3<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr>
    25<\/td>2-3<\/td>2<\/td> <\/td> <\/td>–<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
    \u015eekil 4. Kil minerallerinin yayg\u0131nl\u0131k s\u0131ras\u0131.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Kil mineralleri k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131nda ise; kil boyutu par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n kil mineral i\u00e7eriklerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fcm bulla \u00f6rneklerinde kristal yap\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k benzer d\u00fczeyde (orta-zay\u0131f) olan smektit (montmorillonit kil minerali) (3.0-5.0 20 aras\u0131ndaki doruklar grubu ve ara tabakal\u0131 kil mineralleri) saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Smektitin benzer-yakla\u015f\u0131k d\u00fczeylerde olmas\u0131 bullalar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan hammaddelerin benzer-ayn\u0131 olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u0130llit kil minerali (trioktaedral illit 8.84 2\u00a9) 1,3,10,15,18,20 ve 24 nolu bullalarda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck-orta d\u00fczeyde saptanmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n 6 ve 25 nolu bullalarda y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde yar\u0131-nicel d\u00fczeyde saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu bullalar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn toz k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131mlar\u0131nda da montmorillonit i\u00e7ermeleri, bunlar\u0131n f\u0131r\u0131nlanma s\u0131cakl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kan\u0131tlar\u0131 olmaktad\u0131r. Kaolinit kil minerali (7.2 2\u00a9) 550 \u00b0C gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131kta kristal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tamamen kaybetmektedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle mineral degrade olmakta-bozunuma u\u011framaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece bu mineralin 10, 11 ve 21 nolu \u00f6rneklerde saptanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 bu bullalar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fczeylerinde f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f ve\/veya yanm\u0131\u015f olabileceklerini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Mikromorfoloji (SEM, Scanning Electron Microscope-Tarama Elektron Mikroskopu) Bulgular\u0131nda ise;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    < >no\u2019lu bullada \u015eekil 5\u2019de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi yayg\u0131n olarak g\u00f6zlenen k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu teksel kuvars (0.5-2 ^m ) ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu, b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kil agregat\/topak\/y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan mikro-yap\u0131 birimleri (4-8 ^m) saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca topraklar\u0131n solidifiye (par\u00e7ac\u0131klar s\u0131k\u0131ca\/yak\u0131n birle\u015fmesi-kat\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 da denilebilir) g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olas\u0131 bir f\u0131r\u0131nlaman\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kan\u0131t\u0131d\u0131r. Kuvars par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kenarlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n olarak yuvarlakla\u015fmay\u0131p k\u00f6\u015feli kalm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlaman\u0131n 1000 \u00b0C\u2019nin alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.nolu bulada ise, heksagonal yap\u0131 g\u00f6steren degrade olmam\u0131\u015f bir kalsit minerali de b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla f\u0131r\u0131nlanma sonucunda b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f\/kat\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f (solidifiye olmu\u015f) bir kil agregat \/ topak \/ y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda kaplanm\u0131\u015f (coated) olarak saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fctmelerdeki teksel par\u00e7ac\u0131klar ve agregat \/ topak \/ y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlenmesinde ise kil mineralleriyle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f\/solifidiye olmu\u015f kil agregat \/ topak \/ y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n (kil boyutu -2 ^mdan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck- par\u00e7ac\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7eren) kuvars, simektit ile kaolinint gibi kil mineralleri tabakalar\u0131\/tablalar\u0131 (plateltts) ile b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftikleri saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u015eekil 5. 1 No\u2019lu bulladaki kuvars ve kil agregat\/topak\/y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan mikro-yap\u0131 birimlerinden detay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eekil 6. 2 nolu m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n toz boyutu X \u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131n\u0131m\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u015eekil 7. 2 No\u2019lu Bullan\u0131n Mineral Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Genel G\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnden Detay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00f6\u015feli ve bozunuma\/yuvarlakla\u015fmaya u\u011framam\u0131\u015f kristal y\u00fczeyli kuvars minerallerinin (10 ^m) saptanmas\u0131 tabakal\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131 bozulmam\u0131\u015f kil mineralleriyle birlikte, bulanl\u0131n olas\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ve\/veya yanmas\u0131n\u0131n 1000 \u00b0C\u2019 ta ula\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla bu s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin \u00e7ok alt\u0131nda olabilece\u011finin belirtisidir. 2 ^m ve daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlardaki kil ve kuvars minerallerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu az k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6zenekli (2 ^m\u2019dan daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutta), iri -5,10 ^m boyutundaki, birka\u00e7 g\u00f6zenek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda saptanan agregat \/topak\/ y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131m g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc, agregat\/ topak\/ y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda\/ bullan\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131nda, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n ve\/veya sertle\u015ftiricinin kullan\u0131labilece\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fi \u00d6nal\u2019\u0131n (\u00d6nal, 2006) da belirtti\u011fi gibi do\u011frulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    6 nolu bullada ise; bask\u0131n olarak degrade smektit minerallerinden olu\u015fmu\u015f agregat\/topak\/y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7ermektedir. Daha b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00fcy\u00fctmeli di\u011fer bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcde ise, agregat\/topak\/y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131m yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde kitap sayfalar\u0131 bi\u00e7iminde ve alt\u0131gen konfig\u00fcrasyonlu kristal yap\u0131 dizilimi g\u00f6steren k\u0131smen degrade olmu\u015f olas\u0131 kaolinit kil minerallerinin saptanmas\u0131, agregat\/topak\/y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131m olu\u015fumunda f\u0131r\u0131nlamadan \u00e7ok bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n, minerallerin yap\u0131\u015fma sonucu y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Ayr\u0131ca kil minerallerinin tabakal\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve olas\u0131 alt\u0131gen konfig\u00fcrasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen bozunumu, bulla yap\u0131m\u0131nda sertle\u015ftirici kullan\u0131m\u0131 yan\u0131nda, 500-600 \u00b0C\u2019t\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen k\u0131sa s\u00fcre\u00e7li bir f\u0131r\u0131nlama\/yanma i\u015fleminin<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r. Spinel grubundan k\u00fcbik sistemde kristallenen ve demirce vars\u0131l olan (FeAl2O4) hersinit mineralinin olu\u015fumunun saptanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    22 nolu bullada ise; y\u00fcksek b\u00fcy\u00fctme boyutu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcnde kuvars minerali yayg\u0131n olarak k\u0131r\u0131k y\u00fczeylerden (fractura surfaces) ve keskin kenar\/k\u00f6\u015felerden olu\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00fcksek s\u0131cakl\u0131k g\u00f6rmedi\u011finin kan\u0131t\u0131 olup farkl\u0131 bir kuvars par\u00e7ac\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde ve \u00f6zellikle mineralin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcnme (dissolution features) ile olu\u015fan bo\u015fluklar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla organik k\u00f6kenli olan g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcmlerin saptanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yap\u0131lan arkeometrik analizler sonucunda s\u00f6z konusu bullalar\u0131n f\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f\/yang\u0131n g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan bulgular;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Bullalar\u0131n, X \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131 difraksiyonunda smektit\/illitin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlama olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsa da s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle f\u0131r\u0131nlama s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 800\u00ad900 \u00b0C\u2019den daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeydedir. Bullalarda kaolinitin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde de olsa saptanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 f\u0131r\u0131nlama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olsa dahi s\u0131cakl\u0131k d\u00fczeyinin 550 \u00b0C\u2019den daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Kil mineral d\u00fczeylerinin ve kristal yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde saptanmas\u0131 da f\u0131r\u0131nlama\/yang\u0131n g\u00f6rme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    F\u0131r\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f\/yang\u0131n g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n somut sonu\u00e7lar\u0131; Kimyasal Analiz Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131nda Organik Madde i\u00e7eriklerinin y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 yang\u0131n g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olma olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Kil minerallerinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck d\u00fczeyde saptanmalar\u0131, sertle\u015ftirici veya yap\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 maddelerin kullan\u0131lma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Tarama Elektron Mikroskopisinde (Scannning Electron Microscope-SEM), elde edilen g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler de yukar\u0131da kil mineralleri ile ilgili olarak belirtilen bu olguyu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerde saptanan s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f kil mineralleri ve kuvarstan olu\u015fmu\u015f agregat \/ topak \/ y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n, y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131ml\u0131 kompakt (s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f) mikroyap\u0131s\u0131 yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan olguyu desteklemektedir. Agregatlar\u0131n y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131m-y\u0131\u011f\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\/kompakt (s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f+yap\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f) mikroyap\u0131s\u0131 yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan olguyu do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada bullalar arkeometrik a\u00e7\u0131dan de\u011ferlendirilerek bulla yap\u0131m\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan hammadde cinsi, f\u0131r\u0131nlama i\u015fleminin yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 farkl\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan de\u011ferlendirilerek arkeoloji ve insanl\u0131k tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    KAYNAKLAR<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ALGAZE, G., 1992. \u201cThe Tigris-Euphrates Archaeological Reconnaissance project,1990\u201d, IX. Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 Toplant\u0131s\u0131, Ankara, 425-445. ALGAZE, G., 1994. \u201cThe Tigris Euphrates Archaelogical Reconnaissance Project: Final report of the Birecik and Carchemish Dam survey areas\u201d, Anatolica XX, s. 1-96.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ATALAY, T., 2006. Belk\u0131s-Zeugma ve Mozaikleri, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    K\u00d6KTEN, \u0130.K., 1948. 1947 Y\u0131l\u0131 Tarih \u00d6ncesi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, Ankara, s. 225-226. \u00d6KSE, T.A., 1993. \u00d6nasya Arkeolojisi Seramik Terimleri, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u00d6NAL, M., 2006. \u201cZeugma M\u00fch\u00fcr Bask\u0131lar\u0131nda Krallar, \u0130mparatorlar,<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0130mparatori\u00e7eler, Filozoflar ve Semboller\u201d, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Arkeoloji ve Sanat Tarihi Anabilim Dal\u0131, Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, Konya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    STRABON, 1993. \u201cAntik Anadolu Co\u011frafyas\u0131\u201d, \u00c7ev. Pekman, A., Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 213.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    U\u00c7ANKU\u015e, H.T., 2000. \u201cBir \u0130nsan ve Uygarl\u0131k Bilimi Arkeoloji, Tarih \u00d6ncesinden<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Perslere Kadar Anadolu\u201d, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\/ 2508, Yay\u0131nlar Dairesi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sanat Eserleri Dizisi\/ 298, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara, s. 391.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    WAGNER, J. 1976. Seleukeia am Euphrat\/Zeugma, TAVO Beih. B. 10 (Wiesbaden), s. 1-307.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    G\u00dcL\u015eEN BA\u015ePINAR SELIM KAPUR ARKEOMETRI ANABILIM DALI \/ ARKEOMETRI ANABILIM DALI Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Gaziantep ili i\u00e7erisindeki F\u0131rat Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Zeugma Antik Kentine ait ar\u015fiv binalar\u0131nda bulunan ve Gaziantep M\u00fcze M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kurtarma kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fch\u00fcr bask\u0131lar\u0131 toz haline getirilmi\u015f prepatlar\u0131nda X…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6189"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6189"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6189\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6190"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6189"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6189"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zeugma.org.tr\/en-gb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6189"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}